![]() ![]() persicae exhibits a striking capacity for rapid adaptation to insecticides, developing resistance to more active compounds than any other known insect. persicae was introduced into Chile with crop plant species, and is presently categorized as one of the three most important agricultural pests in this country. Is a highly polyphagous, feeding on more than 50 plant families, , causing losses to agroindustrial crops (including potato, sugar beet and tobacco), horticultural crops (including plants of Brassicaceae, Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae families) and stone fruits (peach, apricot, and cherry, among others). ![]() The peach green aphid, Myzus persicae, of Palearctic origin, is a cosmopolitan aphid species responsible of important economic losses. Approximately 100 aphid species have successfully exploited agro-ecosystems to become economically important pests, of whom ∼20 have developed at least one known insecticide resistance mechanism. Īphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are widely distributed herbivorous insects accounting for more than 4,300 described species –. Such studies have shown that insecticide resistance is more complex than previously thought, being mediated by multigenic systems that involve large parts of the insect genomes,. Functional genomics tools have recently been used to disentangle the genetic basis of pesticide resistance in arthropods –. The study of insecticide resistance makes it possible to classify adaptations into three main mechanisms: (i) reduction of insecticide uptake, by reducing the permeability of insect cuticle –, (ii) detoxification, through alteration in the levels or enzyme activities that degrade or sequester insecticides, , – and, (iii) insensitivity due to point mutations in genes encoding for proteins that are the target site of insecticides –. Therefore, identifying the molecular and genetic adaptations responsible for insecticide resistance will offer new opportunities for developing pest management strategies. Agricultural practices usually include the systematic application of a wide array of active compounds at variable dosages and frequencies, which represent a wide range of selective regimes. The development of insecticide resistance in pest insects has been an increasing problem for agriculture, forestry and public health. The study of insecticide resistance is important, both because it leads to a better understanding of evolutionary mechanisms operating in real time, and because of its economic relevance. All in all, AmplifX serves its purpose.Insecticide resistance is one of the best examples of micro-evolution, or evolution occurring on an ecological time scale –. ![]() It has a good response time to commands and runs on a light quantity of CPU and memory, so it does not affect the overall performance of the computer. There were no type of issues in our tests, since AmplifX did not hang, crash or pop up error messages. The graphic view may be exported to an image file. It is possible to use a search function, set the origin at the insertion point, run PCR, add and check all primers, adjust the speed and sensitivity by moving a slider, as well as to set the amplicon maximum strength, among others. Primer lists can be opened from files with the XPL format (previously created with AmplifX), while target sequences may have ASC, ASCII, TEXT, TXT, GCP, FASTA, FAS, GB, STR, GENBANK or XDNA file extensions. As for the interface, AmplifX adopts a classical window with a simple layout, split into three panels for opening a target sequence and a primer list, and for viewing information. The installation procedure is a fast and easy job which does not need special attention. ![]() Given the nature of the program, it clearly addresses experienced users. It is wrapped in a user-friendly working environment that contains several settings to tinker with. AmplifX is a Windows application designed to help you design new primers and browse primer collections, in order to amplify a fragment into a target sequence, for instance. ![]()
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